有机联盟

健康原则

有机农业应当将土壤、植物、动物、人类和整个地球的健康作为一个不可分割的整体而加以维持和加强

这一原则指出，个体与群体的健康是与生态系统的健康不可分割的，健康的土壤可以生产出健康的作物，而健康的作物是健康的动物和健康的人类的保障。健康是指一个有生命的系统的统一性和完整性。健康不仅仅是指没有疾病，而是要维持系统的物质的、精神的、社会的和生态的利益。安全性、顺应性和可再生性是健康的关键特征。有机农业在农作、加工、销售和消费中的作用是维持和加强从土壤中最小的生物直到人类的整个生态系统和生物的健康。有机农业特别强调生产出高质量和富有营养的食品，为预防性的卫生保健和福利事业作出贡献。为此，应避免使用那些对健康会产生不利影响的肥料、农药、兽药和食品添加剂。

生态原则

有机农业应以有生命的生态系统和生态循环为基础，与之合作，与之协调，并帮助其持续生存。

这一原则将有机农业植根于有生命的生态系统中，强调有机农业生产应以生态过程和循环利用为基础，通过具有特定的生产环境的生态来实现营养和福利方面的需求。对作物而言，这一生态就是有生命的土壤，对于动物而言，这一生态就是农场生态系统，对于淡水和海洋生物而言，这一生态则是水生环境。 有机种植、有机养殖和野生采集体系应适应于自然界的循环与生态平衡，这些循环虽然是常见的，但其情况却因地而异。有机管理必须与当地的条件、生态、文化和规模相适应。应通过再利用、循环利用和对物质和能源的有效管理来减少投入物质的使用，从而维持和改善环境质量，保护资源。有机农业应通过对农业体系的设计、提供生态环境和保持基因与农业的多样性来实现生态平衡。所有从事有机产品生产、加工、销售及消费有机产品的人都应为保护包括景观、气候、生态环境、生物多样性、大气和水在内的公共环境作出贡献。

公平原则

有机农业应建立起能确保公平享受公共环境和生存机遇的各种关系。

公平是以对我们共有的世界的平等、尊重、公正和管理为特征的，这一公平既体现在人类之间，也体现在人类与其他生命体之间。这一原则强调所有从事有机农业的人都应当以一种能确保对所有层面和所有参与者——包括参与到有机农业中的所有农民、工人、加工者、分销者、贸易者和消费者都公平的方式来处理人际关系，强调应根据动物的生理和自然习性以及它们的福利来提供其必要的生存条件和机会。应当以对社会和生态公正以及对子孙后代负责任的方式来利用生产与消费所需要的自然和环境资源。

关爱原则

应以一种有预见性的和负责任的态度来管理有机农业，以保护当前人类和子孙后代的健康和福利，同时保护环境

有机农业是为满足内部和外部需求和条件而建立的一种有生命力的和充满活力的系统。有机农业的实践者可以提高系统的效率和生产力，前提是不能因此而对健康和福利产生危害，为此，应对拟采取的新技术进行评估，对于正在使用的方法也应当进行审核。对于在生态系统和农业方面的不完善理解必须给予充分的关注。这一原则强调，在有机农业的管理、发展和技术筛选方面最关键的问题是实施预防和有责任心。科学是确保有机农业有利于健康、安全和生态环境的必要条件。然而，仅有科学知识是不够的，实践经验、积累的智慧以及传统与本土的知识等可以提供有价值的经过时间验证的解决方案。有机农业应通过选择合适的技术和拒绝使用转基因工程等无法预知其作用的技术来防止发生重大风险。我们的决策应通过透明的和参与式的方法和程序反映出所有有可能受到影响的方面的价值和需求。

The Principles of Organic Agriculture

Preamble

These Principles are the roots from which organic agriculture grows and develops. They express the contribution that organic agriculture can make to the world, and a vision to improve all agriculture in a global context.

Agriculture is one of humankind's most basic activities because all people need to nourish themselves daily. History, culture and community values are embedded in agriculture. The Principles apply to agriculture in the broadest sense, including the way people tend soils, water, plants and animals in order to produce, prepare and distribute food and other goods. They concern the way people interact with living landscapes, relate to one another and shape the legacy of future generations.

The Principles of Organic Agriculture serve to inspire the organic movement in its full diversity. They guide IFOAM's development of positions, programs and standards. Furthermore, they are presented with a vision of their world-wide adoption.

Organic agriculture is based on:

The principle of health

The principle of ecology

The principle of fairness

The principle of care

Each principle is articulated through a statement followed by an explanation. The principles are to be used as a whole. They are composed as ethical principles to inspire action.

Principle of health

Organic Agriculture should sustain and enhance the health of soil, plant, animal, human and planet as one and indivisible.

This principle points out that the health of individuals and communities cannot be separated from the health of ecosystems - healthy soils produce healthy crops that foster the health of animals and people.

Health is the wholeness and integrity of living systems. It is not simply the absence of illness, but the maintenance of physical, mental, social and ecological well-being. Immunity, resilience and regeneration are key characteristics of health.

The role of organic agriculture, whether in farming, processing, distribution, or consumption, is to sustain and enhance the health of ecosystems and organisms from the smallest in the soil to human beings. In particular, organic agriculture is intended to produce high quality, nutritious food that contributes to preventive health care and well-being. In view of this it should avoid the use of fertilizers, pesticides, animal drugs and food additives that may have adverse health effects.

Principle of ecology

Organic Agriculture should be based on living ecological systems and cycles, work with them, emulate them and help sustain them.

This principle roots organic agriculture within living ecological systems. It states that production is to be based on ecological processes, and recycling. Nourishment and well-being are achieved through the ecology of the specific production environment. For example, in the case of crops this is the living soil; for animals it is the farm ecosystem; for fish and marine organisms, the aquatic environment.

Organic farming, pastoral and wild harvest systems should fit the cycles and ecological balances in nature. These cycles are universal but their operation is site-specific. Organic management must be adapted to local conditions, ecology, culture and scale. Inputs should be reduced by reuse, recycling and efficient management of materials and energy in order to maintain and improve environmental quality and conserve resources.

Organic agriculture should attain ecological balance through the design of farming systems, establishment of habitats and maintenance of genetic and agricultural diversity. Those who produce, process, trade, or consume organic products should protect and benefit the common environment including landscapes, climate, habitats, biodiversity, air and water.

Principle of fairness

Organic Agriculture should build on relationships that ensure fairness with regard to the common environment and life opportunities

Fairness is characterized by equity, respect, justice and stewardship of the shared world, both among people and in their relations to other living beings.

This principle emphasizes that those involved in organic agriculture should conduct human relationships in a manner that ensures fairness at all levels and to all parties - farmers, workers, processors, distributors, traders and consumers. Organic agriculture should provide everyone involved with a good quality of life, and contribute to food sovereignty and reduction of poverty. It aims to produce a sufficient supply of good quality food and other products.

This principle insists that animals should be provided with the conditions and opportunities of life that accord with their physiology, natural behavior and well-being.

Natural and environmental resources that are used for production and consumption should be managed in a way that is socially and ecologically just and should be held in trust for future generations. Fairness requires systems of production, distribution and trade that are open and equitable and account for real environmental and social costs.

Principle of care

Organic Agriculture should be managed in a precautionary and responsible manner to protect the health and well-being of current and future generations and the environment.

Organic agriculture is a living and dynamic system that responds to internal and external demands and conditions. Practitioners of organic agriculture can enhance efficiency and increase productivity, but this should not be at the risk of jeopardizing health and well-being. Consequently, new technologies need to be assessed and existing methods reviewed. Given the incomplete understanding of ecosystems and agriculture, care must be taken.

This principle states that precaution and responsibility are the key concerns in management, development and technology choices in organic agriculture. Science is necessary to ensure that organic agriculture is healthy, safe and ecologically sound. However, scientific knowledge alone is not sufficient. Practical experience, accumulated wisdom and traditional and indigenous knowledge offer valid solutions, tested by time. Organic agriculture should prevent significant risks by adopting appropriate technologies and rejecting unpredictable ones, such as genetic engineering. Decisions should reflect the values and needs of all who might be affected, through transparent and participatory processes.

有机保障体系（OGS）：

有机保障体系（OGS）在全球范围内促进贸易，支持有机完整性，并保障消费者利益。在市场上和贸易中“有机”产品数量迅速增长的形势下，OGS起到了为市场中产品的有机完整性提供保证的作用。有机保障体系（OGS）通过为全球有机生产和加工提供共同的标准以及共同的验证和市场识别体系，将全世界的有机界联合起来。

参与式保障体系（PGS）：

Since 2002, IFOAM’s work to support the development of Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS) worldwide has been advised by an international group of PGS experts, originally formed as a working group and which became an official IFOAM Task Force in 2006. In response to a motion by the IFOAM General Assembly 2008 to give PGS a place in IFOAM’s permanent internal structures, the IFOAM World Board approved last April the creation of a permanent IFOAM PGS committee and approved its new Terms of Reference. Although the implementation of PGS-related activities in IFOAM is currently on the back-burner due to lack of funding, a comprehensive 3-year PGS plan has been developed and will be implemented once funding is secured. The PGS committee will play a key role in advising the IFOAM World Board on PGS issues and will work closely with the IFOAM Head Office to implement the comprehensive PGS program.

1土壤-充满活力的生物有机体

1.1土壤的组成和结构

1.2土壤微观世界

2如何提高土壤肥力?

2.1如何让土壤肥沃?

2.2土壤有机质的重要性

3土壤栽培和耕作

3.1土壤耕作的目的

3.2土壤耕作方法

3.3适合的土壤耕作工具

4土壤侵蚀：严重的威胁

4.1如何应对土壤侵蚀

4.2植被覆盖

4.3防止土壤侵蚀的构筑物

5水分保持

5.1保持土壤中的水分

5.2收集水分

5.3灌溉

6土壤覆盖

6.1为什么采用土壤覆盖?

6.2土壤覆盖的局限性

6.3土壤覆盖的应用

植物营养

1养分平衡

1.1植物营养与植物健康

1.2通过管理土壤有机质实现养分供应

1.3植物的主要营养元素及其供应

1.4养分循环－优化农场中的养分管理

2套种作物以及作物轮作

2.1通过多样化种植进行养分管理

2.2间套种和轮作

2.3作物轮作

3肥料

3.1有机肥及其价值

3.2农家肥的妥善利用

3.3商品有机肥

3.4液体有机肥

3.5矿质肥料

4堆肥

4.1堆肥的各个阶段

4.2为什么要制作堆肥?

4.3如何生产好的堆肥

5绿肥

5.1什么是绿肥

5.2绿肥的潜力和限制因素

5.3固氮植物

5.4如何使用绿肥

病虫草害管理

1病虫害的有机管理

1.1植物健康

1.2预防措施

1.3治疗性的植保措施

2天敌

2.1害虫和病害的生态学

2.2保护天敌

2.3生物防治

3天然农药

3.2植物源农药的配制和使用

3.3其它的天然农药

4杂草管理

4.1杂草生态学

4.2杂草管理

畜禽养殖

1畜禽养殖

1.1畜禽养殖的作用

1.2农场畜禽的要求

1.3圈舍

2畜禽饲养

2.1均衡营养

2.2饲料种植

3动物健康和繁育

3.1如何让动物保持健康

3.2兽药治疗

3.3有机畜禽养殖中的动物繁育

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