农业有机废物还田利用促进土壤健康和应对气候变化的路径及研究建议

摘要:

作为实现“城乡无废”目标的重要组成部分，农业有机废物还田利用是一种资源节约、环境友好的利用路径，对于提升农村污染控制水平、促进农业可持续发展、助力我国实现碳达峰及碳中和目标具有重要的意义。在系统总结农业有机废物还田利用的主要路径以及研究现状基础上，分析农业有机废物还田对土壤健康状况改善、农田温室气体排放方面的影响，并对当前存在的问题提出解决措施。研究发现，还田利用解决了大部分农业有机废物消纳的问题，有利于土壤肥力和固碳效果提升，但也带来了农田病虫害增加、稻田甲烷排放量居高不下、土地消纳粪污量超载等新的问题。同时，还田利用的市场要素不健全，短时间难以形成有效的市场闭环。应从还田利用长期系统定位监测网络构建、完善还田利用效果监测评估标准体系、补齐市场要素等方面，加快推动农业废物还田利用研究工作和制度建设，为促进农业生态系统的可持续发展、确保粮食安全和应对全球气候变化提供理论支撑。

Abstract:

As an important part of achieving the goal of "zero waste in urban and rural areas", returning the agricultural organic waste to farmland is a resource-saving and environmentally friendly utilization path, which is of great significance for improving the rural pollution control level, promoting sustainable development of agriculture, and helping China to achieve the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. Based on the systematic summary of the main paths and research status of returning agricultural organic waste to farmland, the authors analyzed the impacts of returning agricultural organic waste to farmland on improving soil health and greenhouse gas emissions and proposed feasible solutions to the current problems. The studies showed that returning to farmland could resolve most agricultural organic waste utilization outlets, improving soil fertility and carbon sequestration. However, it also brought new problems, such as increasing pests and diseases in farmland, methane emissions, and the overload of soil manure consumption. In addition, market factors for returning organic waste to farmland were imperfect, making it difficult to form an effective market-closed loop in the short term. Scientific research and institutional construction of returning agricultural waste to farmland should be accelerated from the aspects of constructing a long-term and systematic in situ monitoring network, improving the monitoring and evaluation standard system on the farmland utilization effect of organic waste along with replenishing market elements, in order to offer theoretical support for promoting the sustainable development of agricultural ecosystem, ensuring food security and coping with global climate change.

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