利用生物炭技术处理酸性矿山废水的研究进展
摘要:随着社会经济的不断发展,矿业开发过程中产生的一系列环境问题引起国内外的广泛关注,其中采矿过程中产生的酸性矿山废水(acid mine drainage, AMD)问题尤为突出。AMD会导致水质酸化、土壤重金属污染以及植物枯萎死亡等问题。因此,如何对AMD进行有效处理已成为环境治理的焦点问题。现有的AMD处理方法主要包括中和法、人工湿地法和微生物法,但这些方法大多存在后续管理难、维护成本高、处理浓度低等问题。相比之下,生物炭技术因原料成本低、制备简便且原材料来源广泛等优点而被广泛应用于环境修复领域。近年来国内外已有关于利用生物炭技术处理AMD的研究报道,但其处理机制尚不清楚,许多研究还停留在实验室阶段,尚未形成规模化的应用模式。因此,本文首先对AMD的特征及其常用处理方法进行了概述,并介绍了生物炭的常规制备方法及理化性质表征,对生物炭处理AMD的影响因素、处理效果及其机理进行了综述,最后对生物炭技术在处理AMD方面的研究与应用进行了展望。
Abstract:With the rapid development of society and economy, a series of environmental problems in mining development have attracted wide attention all over the world, especially the acid mine drainage (AMD) issue. AMD can cause a series of ecological environment problems, such as water acidification, soil contamination with heavy metals, and plant wilting and apoptosis. Therefore, the treatment of AMD has become the focus of environmental governance. The current disposal methods of AMD mainly include neutralization method, constructed wetland method and microbial method. However, most of these treatment methods have the problems of difficult follow-up management, high maintenance cost and low treatment concentration. In contrast, biochar technology has been widely used in the field of environmental remediation due to its advantages such as low cost, easy preparation and wide source of raw materials. In recent years, there have been some reports on the treatment of AMD with biochar technology, but the treatment mechanism is still unclear, and many studies are still in its infancy, which has not yet formed a large-scale application model. Therefore, in this paper, the characteristics of AMD and its common treatment methods are summarized, the conventional preparation methods and physicochemical properties of biochar are introduced, the influencing factors, effect and mechanism of biochar treatment of AMD are reviewed. Finally the prospect of the research and application of biochar in AMD treatment is proposed.
图 1 AMD的常用处理方法
Figure 1. Common treatments for AMD
图 2 生物炭的制备方法及其应用
Figure 2. Preparation of biochar and its application
图 3 生物炭对AMD中不同重金属离子的吸附机理
Figure 3. Adsorption mechanism of biochar on different heavy metal ions in AMD
表 1 AMD各种处理方法优缺点比较
Table 1. Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of various AMD processing methods
处理方法Processing methods
优点Advantages
缺点Disadvantages
微生物燃料电池技术原料来源广、温和高效能耗大、运行费用高、设备要求高物理化学法离子去除率高对吸附材料膜的性能要求较高,运行成本偏高,对水体、温度、停留时间等要求高微生物法简单易行、成本低廉、环境友好、适应性强、不会发生二次污染操作环境不易控制人工湿地法环境友好、处理效果好、成本低、
不会发生二次污染占地面积大、时间长、各种作用难以控制
电化学法清洁的去除方式、效率高、占地少、
不会发生二次污染初始投资大、电力供应大、电极材料寿命短等问题难以突破中和法初始成本低、操作简单、对设备要求相对简单、处理效果好产生大量污泥易造成二次污染,增大处理成本源头治理技术高效经济、不会对环境产生二次伤害技术不够成熟 [1]王磊, 李泽琴, 姜磊. 酸性矿山废水的危害与防治对策研究 [J]. 环境科学与管理, 2009, 34(10): 82-84. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-1212.2009.10.020
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