暴露组学在识别环境污染物及其健康危害中的应用进展

摘要：

目前,全球范围内的环境污染成为困扰各国的突出问题,环境污染导致的健康危害已引起世界各国的广泛关注,但揭示繁杂的污染物暴露与相关疾病的关系仍是一个科学难题。暴露组学概念的提出为推动环境因素与人类健康之间关系的研究提供了新思路。“自上而下”和“自下而上”的研究策略、执行研究策略所使用的检测手段以及“组学”的研究共同促进了暴露组学的发展。暴露组学关注个体一生中所有暴露的测量,旨在通过传统生物监测和现代组学方法对体内外暴露水平进行动态监测,考察与所有环境暴露相关的标志物以及与疾病相关标志物之间的相关性,从而得到全面可靠的环境与疾病风险的关系。与传统环境健康研究相比,暴露组学研究更能真实体现现实环境中污染物、自然因素及生活方式等暴露因素的多样性,以及污染物的体内过程和所触发的机体反应的复杂性。高分辨质谱技术等强大的化学分析手段被广泛应用于暴露组学的相关领域研究中,本文简单举例介绍了色谱-质谱联用技术在环境污染物检测和分析中的应用,其中蛋白质组学和代谢组学作为生物标志物鉴定和污染物效应分析的两个重要手段,在探究环境与疾病的联系中具有重要意义,并得到广泛的应用。进入机体的污染物,可与机体(尤其是与生物大分子中的蛋白质)发生复杂的相互作用,导致病理改变和毒性效应;在混合暴露的情况下,污染物间也会存在相互作用,影响各自的环境行为或进入人体的量,进而影响其健康效应。

关键词: 暴露组学, 污染物, 生物标志物, 健康, 综述

Abstract:

Environmental pollution has become a prominent global problem, and the potential health hazards of pollutants have caused widespread concern. However, revealing the relationship between complex-pollutant exposure and disease development remains an immense challenge. The core of environmental-health research and risk assessment is the identification of contaminants and their effects. Exposomics provides a new approach in the study of the relationship between environmental factors and human health. Both “top-down” and “bottom-up” strategies are employed in exposomics research. The development of new technologies for chemical detection and “multi-omics” has greatly facilitated the implementation of these strategies. Exposomics focuses on the measurement of an individual’s lifelong exposure and aims to identify the health effects of such exposure. It involves the dynamic monitoring of external and internal exposure levels at different stages of life through traditional biomonitoring and exposomic methods. It also includes the identification of biomarkers, which indicate specific environmental exposures and the adverse effects of these exposures on health. Compared with traditional environmental-health studies, exposomics can more accurately reflect the diversity of exposure factors such as pollutants, natural factors, and lifestyles in the real environment, as well as the complexity of their in vivo processes and the responses they trigger in an organism. Powerful chemical analytical tools such as high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) are widely used in studies related to the field of exposomics. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has been applied in the detection and analysis of environmental pollutants. Proteomics and metabolomics, as two important tools for biomarker identification and effects analysis, are widely used to explore the relationship between environmental factors and diseases. Pollutants can lead to pathological changes and even toxic effects by interacting with proteins. In the case of mixed exposure, some contaminants may present joint toxicity. The interaction between contaminants may change their environmental behavior or the amount of each contaminant that enters the human body, which, in turn, affects their health effects.

Key words: exposomics, pollutants, biomarker, health, review

中图分类号: 

O658

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